The Chelsea forward scored 65 goals in 104 appearances for his country over a 12-year period. He played in three World Cups and twice helping the team finish runners-up at the African Nations Cup.
Drogba returned to Stamford Bridge last month, signing a one-year deal after leaving Turkish side Galatasaray.
The 36-year-old said: “I’m proud to have captained this team for eight years and to have contributed to putting my country on the world stage.”
He hopes his decision will help him make a big impact on his return to the Premier League after a two-year absence.
Drogba has been backed by Chelsea team-mate John Terry to reproduce the form that saw him score 157 goals in 342 games during his first eight-year spell at Stamford Bridge.
Drogba added: “It’s with much sadness that I’ve decided to retire from international football.
“I can’t convey enough thanks to the fans for all the love and support during these years. All my goals, all my caps, all our victories are for you.
“I owe much gratitude to my team-mates, the players with whom I’ve shared all these emotions and I wish them all much success for the future.”
Despite the African Cup of Nations taking place next year, it is believed that the striker made the decision to put a halt to his international career to try and prolong his chances of playing top-level football with The Blues who may not want him from spending a month away on national team duty at a crucial stage of the season.